Main Ref. | Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose, 1984 |
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Remarks | Inhabits the upper edge of outer reef slopes and inshore rocky reefs (Refs. 7247, 54301, 127989). Often hovers in small or large schools over the reefs (Refs. 6110, 127989, 129713). Juveniles associate with drifting seaweed (Ref. 12114, 12115). Often in midwater feeding aggregations (Ref. 9710, 90102) or swarming among rocks and coral ledges when tending nests (Ref. 90102). Feeds on zooplankton, benthic algae, colonial anemones and small invertebrates (Refs. 1602, 127989, 129713). Dwells in shallow waters near rocks, coral reefs, sandy substrates and tide pools (Refs. 127989, 129713). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose, 1984 |
Feeding habit | grazing on aquatic plants |
Feeding habit Ref. | Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose, 1984 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 2.57 | 0.40 | 2.59 | 0.35 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.39 | 0.41 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose, 1984 |