Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
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Remarks | Commonly found in coastal habitats to at least 60 m depth (Ref. 114953). Swims close to the surface, occasionally leaping out of the water, or close to the bottom (Ref. 3175). Frequently forming large schools during the non-breeding season (Ref. 7251). Feeds on polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods, shrimps and small fishes (Ref. 114953). Found in brackish and marine waters (Ref. 86942). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.17 | 0.13 | 3.25 | 0.49 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.32 | 0.43 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |