Main Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
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Remarks | Juveniles are principally encountered between 20 and 35°S at surface temperatures ranging from 19 to 24°C. With increasing size they gradually move into higher latitudes where water temperatures are lower. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Feeding habit | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.70 | 0.12 | Troph of adults from 6 studies. | ||
From individual food items | 3.77 | 0.67 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Yatsu, A., 1995 |