Main Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
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Remarks | Inhabits bays, harbors, lagoons, and seaward reefs (Ref. 9710). Abundant along coasts (Ref. 122936). May drift with young at surface among Sargassum (Ref. 9710). Feeds on benthic invertebrates like mollusks and crustaceans (Ref. 4727). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Tortonese, E., 1986 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Tortonese, E., 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.06 | 0.20 | 3.52 | 0.47 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.45 | 0.40 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |