Ecology of Benthosema glaciale
 
Main Ref. Hulley, P.A., 1984
Remarks Endemic in the Mediterranean (mainly western basin) and Atlantic.

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Marine - Neritic Marine - Oceanic Brackishwater Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies
  • supra-littoral zone
  • littoral zone
  • sublittoral zone
  • epipelagic
  • mesopelagic
  • epipelagic
  • abyssopelagic
  • hadopelagic
  • estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas
  • mangroves
  • marshes/swamps
  • rivers/streams
  • lakes/ponds
  • caves
  • exclusively in caves
Highighted items on the list are where Benthosema glaciale may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations shoaling;
Associated with
Association remarks Shoaling assumed from population concentration data in relation to seasonal, diurnal and spatial feeding behavior and food preference (Ref. 56757). Also Ref. 94894. A vertical migrator, in the Gulf of Maine, found between 275-850 m at daytime and 200 m at night (at times coming to the surface); the entire population does not migrate every night (Ref. 86779).
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref. Hulley, P.A., 1984
Feeding habit selective plankton feeding
Feeding habit Ref. Hulley, P.A., 1984
Trophic Level(s)
Estimation method Original sample Unfished population Remark
Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
From diet composition
From individual food items 3.14 0.29 Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.
(e.g. 346)
(e.g. oophagy)
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