Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
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Remarks | Inhabits clear sandy areas near mangroves, among seagrass, coral or rubble (Ref.9710). Most common flounder around coral reefs (Ref. 26938). Often partially buried in sand, occasionally on hard bottoms (Ref. 9710). Feeds mainly on small fishes but also on crustaceans and octopuses. Carnivore (Ref. 57616). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom Hard Bottom: rubble; |
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Substrate Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Smith, C.L., 1997 |
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Associations | |
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Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.45 | 0.70 | 4.32 | 0.71 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.13 | 0.61 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |