Main Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
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Remarks | Occurs on the continental shelf (Refs. 75154, 127989). Viviparous. Diverse feeding habit comprised mostly of fish and cephalopods (Ref. 127989). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Cortés, E., 1999 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.53 | 0.27 | 4.36 | 0.46 | Troph of adults from 3 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.50 | 0.75 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |