Main Ref. | Gibbs, R.H. Jr., 1984 |
---|---|
Remarks | Feeds on fish and crustaceans (Ref. 4759, 26338). A fish eater off Hawaii and only those fishes <12 cm in body length ate crustaceans, e.g., euphausiids (Ref. 51364). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
---|---|
Associations | shoaling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Migrate vertically. In the Gulf of Mexico, vertical migration pattern is asynchronous, in the mesopelagic zone (450-700 m) during the day; with about 70% of the individuals vertically migrating upward to 200 m at night, the rest remaining at depth (Ref. 86779). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Gibbs, R.H. Jr., 1984 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.20 | 0.73 | 4.33 | 0.71 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.06 | 0.69 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Williams, A., J.A. Koslow, A. Terauds and K. Haskard, 2001 |