Main Ref. | Cochran, P.A., D.M. Lodge, J.R. Hodgson and P.G. Knapik, 1988 |
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Remarks | Inhabits lakes, ponds, bogs, and pools of headwaters and creeks. Usually occurs over silt, often near vegetation. Feeds mainly on algae, but also on zooplankton and aquatic insects (Ref. 1998). Preyed upon by fishes, kingfishers and mergansers (Ref. 1998). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Cochran, P.A., D.M. Lodge, J.R. Hodgson and P.G. Knapik, 1988 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 2.51 | 0.11 | 2.46 | 0.14 | Troph of adults from 3 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.05 | 0.34 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Litvak, M.K. and R.I.C. Hansell, 1990 |