Main Ref. | Ebert, D.A., L.J.V. Compagno and P.D. Cowley, 1992 |
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Remarks | Found on the outer continental and insular shelves and upper slopes (Ref. 247). Usually on or near the bottom but sometimes found well above it (Ref. 5578). Feeds on pelagic bony fish, squid, octopus and shrimp (Ref. 5578). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Apparently in large schools (Ref. 5578). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Ebert, D.A., L.J.V. Compagno and P.D. Cowley, 1992 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Ebert, D.A., L.J.V. Compagno and P.D. Cowley, 1992 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.33 | 0.41 | 4.10 | 0.59 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.36 | 0.69 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Cortés, E., 1999 |