Main Ref. | Wijeyaratne, M.J.S. and H.H. Costa, 1990 |
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Remarks | Inhabits coastal waters (Refs. 9137, 9773) and coral reefs (Ref. 58534). Usually within tidal influence, but may enter fresh water (Also Ref. 9773), ascending 10 km into rivers (Ref. 40488). Form large schools, frequently in mangrove areas (Ref. 2334). Juveniles may be found in rice fields and mangroves (Ref. 9812). Demersal. Dwells inshore, in lagoons and reef flats. Omnivorous. Feeds on small benthic organisms, algae, diatoms and detritus (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton and G.R. Allen, 2006 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs: reef flats; lagoons; |
Special habitats Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
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Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Wijeyaratne, M.J.S. and H.H. Costa, 1990 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 2.18 | 0.10 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 2.39 | 0.07 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Hajisamae, S., L.M. Chou and S. Ibrahim, 2004 |