Ecology Summary - Engraulis encrasicolus

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Main Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988
Remarks	Also recorded down to 400 m depth off West Africa and descending in winter to 100 to 159 m depth in the Mediterranean; euryhaline, tolerating salinities of 5 to 41 o/oo and in some areas entering lagoons, estuaries or lakes, especially in the warmer months during the spawning season. A tendency to extend into more northern waters in summer and generally to move into the surface layers, retreating and descending in winter (Ref. 189). 90% of the diet consisted of meso- and macrozooplankton (Ref. 42649).

Main Ref.

Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988

Remarks

Also recorded down to 400 m depth off West Africa and descending in winter to 100 to 159 m depth in the Mediterranean; euryhaline, tolerating salinities of 5 to 41 o/oo and in some areas entering lagoons, estuaries or lakes, especially in the warmer months during the spawning season. A tendency to extend into more northern waters in summer and generally to move into the surface layers, retreating and descending in winter (Ref. 189). 90% of the diet consisted of meso- and macrozooplankton (Ref. 42649).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Engraulis encrasicolus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988
Feeding habit	selective plankton feeding
Feeding habit Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition
From individual food items	3.12	0.36			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.

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