Main Ref. | Bardach, J.E., 1959 |
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Remarks | Found in small groups over coral and rocky reefs and drop-offs (Ref. 9710). Juveniles are abundant in Thalassia beds (Ref. 5217). Feeds on crustaceans, bivalves, and occasionally on small fishes. Carnivore (Ref. 57616). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | : rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs: reef slope/drop-offs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | Cleaned by goby (Gobiosoma evelynae and others) and hogfish (Bodianus rufus) as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810). |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Bardach, J.E., 1959 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2005 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.48 | 0.22 | 3.32 | 0.42 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.41 | 0.52 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |