Main Ref. | Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras, 1986 |
---|---|
Remarks | Littoral (10 - 20 m) around rocks, offshore reefs, and seaweed. Young often in intertidal areas. One (or more) female spawns in nest of algae, built by male in a crevice. Feed on crustaceans, molluscs (Ref. 4742) and sea urchins (Ref. 55064). Important predators of sea urchins in Azorean coastal habitats (Ref. 55064). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
---|---|
Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras, 1986 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras, 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.20 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |||
From individual food items | 3.32 | 0.47 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Deady, S. and J.M. Fives, 1995 |