Main Ref. | Holcík, J., 1986 |
---|---|
Remarks | Prefers sites with stony or sandy bottom, shaded by riparian vegetation (Ref. 41072). Spawning adults found in gravel riffles and runs of clear streams; feeding adults usually in oceans or lakes; ammocoetes in muddy margins and backwaters of river and lakes (Ref. 5723). Anadromous (Ref. 58426). There are non-migratory freshwater populations. Subadults are non-parasitic (Ref. 12218). Feed on small aquatic invertebrates, algae and organic matter contained in detritus (Ref. 41072). Some populations are anadromous while others are permanent freshwater residents. Larvae dwell in soft silty substrates of streams, rivers and lakes. Feeding and spawning migrations range from 200 - 2,100 km (Ref. 117245). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; silt; Hard Bottom: rubble; |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2018 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Renaud, C.B., 2011 |
---|---|
Associations | parasitism; |
Associated with | Catostomus catostomus, Coregonus artedi, C. clupeaformis, Salvelinus namaycush, Stenodus leucichthys |
Association remarks | Adults often parasitic, attach themselves to other fish with the sucker-like mouth, gnaw open skin of the fish with their horny teeth and suck their blood and meat (Ref. 45563). Probably parasitizes any species of fish of suitable size (Ref. 27547), including commercial species (Ref. 58426). Adults parasitic on various fishes in both fresh and marine waters. The site of attachment is usually below the lateral line and anterior to the pelvic fins (Ref. 89241). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Holcík, J., 1986 |
Feeding habit | feeding on a host (parasite) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.33 | 0.88 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |