| Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Occurs inshore (Ref. 75154). Present in seagrass beds at juvenile stage (Ref. 41878). Feeds mainly on fishes and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 11889), like shrimps, crabs, and other crustaceans (Ref. 9821). Dwells in reef areas, rocky shores and shallow waters. Juveniles inhabit estuaries, grass beds, mangrove swamps, and muddy substrates. Feeds on small crustaceans and small fish (Ref. 9773). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: mud; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
| Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | Often in large aggregations with Lutjanus kasmira and Lutjanus lutjanus (Ref. 9710) |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose, 1984 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Sano, M., M. Shimizu and Y. Nose, 1984 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.79 | 0.29 | 3.56 | 0.48 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| From individual food items | 3.89 | 0.62 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Connell, S.D., 1998 | ||||