Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarks | Adults common around rocky or coral reefs. Young found in estuaries and occasionally enters rivers. Feeds mainly on fishes and benthic invertebrates, including shrimps, crabs, gastropods and cephalopods. Carnivore (Ref. 33499, 42771, 57616). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | : rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | Cleaned by Thalassoma noronhanum observed at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago off northeastern Brazil (Ref. 36301). Also cleaned by Pomacanthus paru observed at the reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, off eastern Brazil (Ref. 40094). |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.41 | 0.27 | 4.32 | 0.76 | Troph of juv./adults from 5 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.92 | 0.58 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |