Main Ref. | Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989 |
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Remarks | Oceanic species of medium depth range. Large adults approach the coasts in temperate and polar zones. Seems to spawn in the Sargasso Sea. Feed on small fishes and shrimps. Preyed upon by sharks, tuna, and whales. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.65 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |||
From individual food items | 4.07 | 0.63 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |