Main Ref. | Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986 |
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Remarks | Occurs usually in coastal waters over sandy and muddy bottoms; juveniles are abundant in the surf zone. Sometimes enters estuaries. Feeds mainly on worms and crustaceans. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.92 | 0.58 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.29 | 0.45 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |