Main Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
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Remarks | Occur inshore (Ref. 75154). Form large schools during the day (Also Ref. 129713); solitary or in small groups at night when feeding. Juveniles usually found offshore in late summer (Ref. 4887). Feeds over sandy feeding grounds (Ref. 129713). Dwells in shallow waters associated with sandy substrates, in lagoons, bays and inner reefs. Forms small shoals of six or more around coral reefs during daylight. Feeds at night, consuming small crustaceans and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs: lagoons; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | schooling; shoaling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.91 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |