Main Ref. | Man, S.H. and I.J. Hodgkiss, 1981 |
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Remarks | Bottom-feeders that predominantly prey on snails and bivalve mollusks (Ref. 55930). Larval and small juvenile feed mostly on zooplankton and aquatic insects, shifting to a diet of mollusks as they grow and their pharyngeal teeth become more developed (Ref. 55930). Use their pharyngeal mill to crush the hard shells and expose the soft parts for digestion. A gape-limited predator because its mouth diameter, or gape, essentially determines the maximum size of mollusks it can consume (Ref. 55930). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. | Halwart, M. and M.V. Gupta, 2004 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Man, S.H. and I.J. Hodgkiss, 1981 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.19 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |