Main Ref. | Darcy, G.H., 1983 |
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Remarks | Juveniles have a habit of burrowing in or lying on sand bottom. Prey size and selection vary with growth stage. Adults are primarily benthic feeders, juveniles feed largely on plankton in the water column. Feeds mainly at night. Have been reported from a wide range of temperatures and salinities but apparently have only a limited tolerance to extremes of either.(Ref. 25). See Ref. 42268. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Darcy, G.H., 1983 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Darcy, G.H., 1983 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.42 | 3.40 | 0.25 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
From individual food items | 3.39 | 0.47 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |