Main Ref. | Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990 |
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Remarks | Inshore waters above various types of bottom (rocks, sand, mud) to 400 m (Mediterranean) and 700 m (Atlantic); young near the coast, adults on the continental slope specially over muddy bottoms. Omnivorous, but feeds mainly on crustaceans, molluscs, worms and small fish. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
Special habitats Ref. | Unsworth, R.K., L.M. Nordlund and L.C. Cullen-Unsworth, 2018 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.21 | 0.55 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 3.73 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |