Ecology Summary - Petrocephalus catostoma

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Main Ref.	Gosse, J.-P., 1984
Remarks	Occurs in shallow and muddy waters, sheltered bays, in lagoons, and swampy areas. Forms shoal. Frequency of occurence in Caprivi: occasionally in sandy streams, occasionally on rocky streams, common in shallow swamps, and common in shallow flood plains (Ref. 037065). Prefers quiet parts of rivers where there is abundant vegetation. Feeds mostly on insect larvae and other invertebrates at night. Shoals within quiet reaches of rivers and floodplains. Known to undergo upriver migration which may well be correlated with breeding. Breeds during the rainy season, possibly moving upstream to suitable sites. An unconfirmed report claims the males are territorial and build a nest (Ref. 7248). Found schooling with other species with identical electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms (Ref. 10460).

Main Ref.

Gosse, J.-P., 1984

Remarks

Occurs in shallow and muddy waters, sheltered bays, in lagoons, and swampy areas. Forms shoal. Frequency of occurence in Caprivi: occasionally in sandy streams, occasionally on rocky streams, common in shallow swamps, and common in shallow flood plains (Ref. 037065). Prefers quiet parts of rivers where there is abundant vegetation. Feeds mostly on insect larvae and other invertebrates at night. Shoals within quiet reaches of rivers and floodplains. Known to undergo upriver migration which may well be correlated with breeding. Breeds during the rainy season, possibly moving upstream to suitable sites. An unconfirmed report claims the males are territorial and build a nest (Ref. 7248). Found schooling with other species with identical electric organ discharge (EOD) waveforms (Ref. 10460).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Petrocephalus catostoma may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Konings, A., 1990
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Konings, A., 1990

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition
From individual food items	3.36	0.38			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.

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