Main Ref. | Knapp, L.W., 1999 |
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Remarks | Found inshore (Ref. 75154). Euryhaline species. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and fish (Also Ref. 9773). Ambush predator. Dwells in benthic sandy or muddy substrates (Refs. 127989, 9773), and is common in estuaries (Ref. 9773). Benthic non-shoaling species. Buries itself in mud as effective camouflage. Juveniles venture to mangrove areas for shelter and feeding (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Golani, D., E. Azurro, J. Dulčić, E. Massutí and L. Orsi-Relini, 2021 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Knapp, L.W., 1999 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Golani, D., E. Azurro, J. Dulčić, E. Massutí and L. Orsi-Relini, 2021 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.60 | 0.58 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
From individual food items | 4.23 | 0.82 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Nasir, N.A., 2000 |