Ecology Summary - Pomacanthus imperator

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Main Ref.	Myers, R.F., 1991
Remarks	Juveniles are encountered under ledges, or in holes of outer lagoon patch reefs or semi-protected areas of exposed channels and outer reef flats. Subadults move to reef front holes and surge channels. Large adults inhabit ledges and caves in areas of rich coral growth on clear lagoon, channel, or seaward reefs. Feed on sponges, algae and other encrusting organisms (Refs. 6113, 127989). Also on tunicates. Lives individually or may form pairs (Also Ref. 127989). Young and adults may clean much larger fishes such as sunfish (Ref. 48636). Solitary. Dwells in coral and rocky reefs, hiding behind narrow cracks and crevices. Feeds on sponges, coral polyps and algae. Eggs are free-floating (Ref. 9773).

Main Ref.

Myers, R.F., 1991

Remarks

Juveniles are encountered under ledges, or in holes of outer lagoon patch reefs or semi-protected areas of exposed channels and outer reef flats. Subadults move to reef front holes and surge channels. Large adults inhabit ledges and caves in areas of rich coral growth on clear lagoon, channel, or seaward reefs. Feed on sponges, algae and other encrusting organisms (Refs. 6113, 127989). Also on tunicates. Lives individually or may form pairs (Also Ref. 127989). Young and adults may clean much larger fishes such as sunfish (Ref. 48636). Solitary. Dwells in coral and rocky reefs, hiding behind narrow cracks and crevices. Feeds on sponges, coral polyps and algae. Eggs are free-floating (Ref. 9773).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Pomacanthus imperator may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic; Hard Bottom: rocky;
Substrate Ref.	Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004
Special habitats	Coral Reefs: reef flats; lagoons;
Special habitats Ref.	Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006

Associations

Ref.	Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995
Associations	solitary;
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Anderson, C. and A. Hafiz, 1987
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Anderson, C. and A. Hafiz, 1987

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition
From individual food items	2.93	0.05			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.

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