Main Ref. | van der Elst, R.P. and F. Adkin (eds.), 1991 |
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Remarks | Live in sandy or muddy areas in shallow coastal waters (Ref. 9137). Juveniles enter the estuaries and mangroves from the sea and spend their life cycle in brackish water (Ref. 43081). Coastal demersal. Dwells in and around coral reefs and estuaries from shallow waters to offshore banks. Feeds on crustaceans, fishes and polychaete worms. Juveniles feed mostly on copepods. Reportedly tolerant of salinity levels and turbid, muddy conditions. Solitary, but forms shoals during the breeding season. Spawning occurs in open sea (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; silt; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | solitary; shoaling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | van der Elst, R.P. and F. Adkin (eds.), 1991 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.54 | 0.53 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |