Main Ref. | Espino, M., J. Castillo, F. Fernandez, A. Menqieta, C. Wosnitza-Mendo and J. Zevallos, 1986 |
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Remarks | Forms schools. Known to occur at 60-360 m (Ref. 9098). Inhabits sand or sandy-mud bottom (Ref. 2850). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Espino, M., J. Castillo, F. Fernandez, A. Menqieta, C. Wosnitza-Mendo and J. Zevallos, 1986 |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Espino, M., J. Castillo, F. Fernandez, A. Menqieta, C. Wosnitza-Mendo and J. Zevallos, 1986 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Espino, M., J. Castillo, F. Fernandez, A. Menqieta, C. Wosnitza-Mendo and J. Zevallos, 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.50 | 3.38 | 0.46 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
From individual food items | 3.77 | 0.65 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | López-Peralta, R.H. and C.A.T. Arcila, 2002 |