Main Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
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Remarks | Juveniles feed on phytoplankton (e.g., diatoms) and small zooplankton such as cladoceran, ostracods, larval polychaetes, etc. With growth, they gradually change their dietary habits, a process that is reflected in the relative shortening of the intestine (Ref. 30531). Pelagic migratory fish. Prefers open but protected coastal waters. Shoaling species. Juveniles feed on diatoms, Diplostraca, and Ostracoda, while adults feed on macroplankton, larval shrimp and fish (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | shoaling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Blaber, S.J.M., D.A. Milton, N.J.F. Rawlinson, G. Tiroba and P.V. Nichols, 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.29 | 0.38 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |