Main Ref. | Fischer, W. and G. Bianchi (eds.), 1984 |
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Remarks | Occur inshore, over soft bottom (Ref. 7300). Adults form shoals over coral reefs, rocky shores, to sandy beaches. Juveniles are solitary and inhabit estuaries. Feeds on small fishes, small squids, and crustaceans (Ref. 9773). Adults are reported to concentrate in large shoals. Juveniles are solitary and often enter estuaries. Literature records of the species from Hawaii are erroneous. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
Ref. | |
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Associations | solitary; shoaling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Fischer, W. and G. Bianchi (eds.), 1984 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Fischer, W. and G. Bianchi (eds.), 1984 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.21 | 0.53 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |