Main Ref. | Konchina, V.Y., 1986 |
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Remarks | Coastal species (Ref. 9045). Benthic species. Preyed upon by Atlantic halibut, Atlantic cod, swordfish and harbor seals. Parasites of the species include nematode, cestodes, trematodes and copepod (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Konchina, V.Y., 1986 |
Feeding habit | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. | Konchina, V.Y., 1986 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.24 | 0.16 | 3.12 | 0.25 | Troph of adults from 5 studies. |
From individual food items | |||||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |