Main Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
---|---|
Remarks | Form schools in open water along steeply sloping shores or above rocky reefs; also holes up amid cracks and crevices of the sea floor (Ref. 27436). Juveniles found around floats and pilings (Ref. 27436). Feed on pelagic crustaceans, fishes and squids (Ref. 6885). Viviparous (Ref. 34817). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
Substrate | Hard Bottom; |
---|---|
Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
---|---|
Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
---|---|
Feeding type Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Rosenthal, R.J., V.M. O'Connell and M.C. Murphy, 1988 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.15 | 0.55 | 3.97 | 0.61 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 3.51 | 0.39 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Rosenthal, R.J., V.M. O'Connell and M.C. Murphy, 1988 |