Main Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
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Remarks | Occurs in inshore waters (Ref. 75154). Lies mostly buried in the sand (Ref. 275). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Hiatt, R.W. and D.W. Strasburg, 1960 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.20 | 0.53 | 4.22 | 0.74 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 4.50 | 0.80 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Harmelin-Vivien, M.L., 1979 |