Main Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
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Remarks | Coastal. Intolerant of turbid waters and low salinities. Forms small schools. Migratory. Opportunistic feeder. Feeds on fish, cephalopods and crustaceans (Ref. 9773). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.50 | 0.62 | 4.52 | 0.78 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.01 | 0.53 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bachok, Z., M.I. Mansor and R.M. Noordin, 2004 |