Main Ref. | Compagno, L.J.V., 1999 |
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Remarks | Commonly found along sandy beaches to the water's edge, and especially in sandy areas in and around coral reefs; in mangrove and seagrass habitats (Ref. 42268). Raises front end of disc to attract prey seeking shelter. Feeds on shrimps, small fishes, clams, and worms (Ref. 42268). Carnivore (Ref. 57616). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
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Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Michael, S.W., 1993 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Michael, S.W., 1993 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.55 | 0.51 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |