Main Ref. | Schuster, W.H., 1960 |
Mode | dioecism |
Fertilization | external |
Mating type | polyandry |
Spawning frequency | one clear seasonal peak per year |
Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
Batch spawner | Yes. Ref. Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen, 1966 |
Reproductive guild |
nonguarders open water/substratum egg scatterers |
Parental Care | none |
Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Spawns in clear shallow waters above a bottom of sand or coral and at a distance of not more than 30 km from the shore. Females spawn up to 5 million eggs which hatch in about 24 hr. The larvae seek out clear coastal and estuarine waters warmer than 23°C with 10-32 salinity and abundant phytoplankton. Spawning and fertilization take place at night. |
Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |