Main Ref. | Balon, E.K., 1990 |
Mode | dioecism |
Fertilization | external |
Mating type | |
Spawning frequency | |
Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
Batch spawner | Yes. Ref. Berra, T.M., B. Gomelsky, B.A. Thompson and D. Wedd, 2007 |
Reproductive guild |
bearers external brooders |
Parental Care | paternal |
Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Males carry eggs in clusters or balls attached to a hook on the head, known as 'forehead brooding'. This may be an adaptation to environments with low oxygen and high turbidity (Ref. 36739). |
Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |