Philippines country information

Common names: Baraka, Baraka', Bulang
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref:
Aquaculture: likely future use | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: live export: yes;
Comments: Recorded from Luzon, Panay, Sorsogon and Palawan (Ref 90102). Museum: USNM 112793, 183250, 183248, 183257, 170597, 183253, 102575, 183252. Also Ref. 5222.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra, 1991
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Mérou demi-deuil, Mero medioluto, لُؤز نِصف حِداد, ... more

Classification / Names Nomi Comuni | Sinonimi | Catalog of Fishes(Genere, Specie) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Vaillant.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologia

marino demersale; distribuzione batimetrica 30 - 105 m (Ref. 89707). Tropical; 36°N - 17°S, 48°E - 153°E

Distribuzione Stati | Aree FAO | Ecosystems | Presenze | Point map | Introduzioni | Faunafri

Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf to Taiwan, Indonesia and the northern coast of Australia. Not known from Japan, but may occur here. It has not been found at any islands of Micronesia nor Polynesia.

Length at first maturity / Size / Peso / Age

Maturity: L_m 36.0, range 42 - ? cm
Max length : 76.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 2852)

Short description Chiavi di identificazione | Morfologia | Morfometria

Spine dorsali (totale) : 11; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 16 - 18; Spine anali: 3; Raggi anali molli: 8 - 9. Recognized by the bluish lower half of the caudal fin and the lack of spots there compared to the upper half (Ref. 48635); characterized further by: generally brown color; head, body and fins with red to dark brown spots; body scales ctenoid, except cycloid scales on nape, thorax and ventrally on abdomen; body with auxiliary scales; elongate body, greatest depth 3.0-3.5 in SL; truncate to slightly rounded caudal fin; short pelvic fins, 1.9-2.4 in head length (Ref. 90102); head length 2.4-2.7 times in standard length; interorbital area flat to slightly convex; preopercle angle with 2-9 enlarged serrae, adults with a notch above angle; straight upper edge of operculum; scaly maxilla, reaching to or beyond vertical at rear edge of eye; 2 rows of subequal teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw (Ref. 089707).

Occur on shallow banks, but is not known from well-developed coral reefs (Ref. 27253) and adjacent soft substrate in depths of 30-105 m (Ref. 089707). Also found in silty coastal reefs and estuaries. Solitary (Ref 90102). Benthic (Ref. 75154). In Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Usually taken by trawling in 30-45 m or by hand-lining over rocky banks; not found from coral reefs (Ref. 11441).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Riproduzione | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larve

Main reference Upload your references | Bibliografia | Coordinatore | Collaboratori

Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Data deficient (DD) ; Date assessed: 21 November 2016

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Pesca: scarso interesse commerciale; Acquacoltura: commerciale

FAO(Publication : search) | FishSource |

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Trophic ecology
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Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 23.2 - 28.4, mean 27.4 (based on 472 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.00798 - 0.01986), b=3.06 (2.93 - 3.19), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.9 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

Resilienza (Ref. 120179): Basso, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 4.5 - 14 anni (tmax=24).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Epinephelus bleekeri (Vaillant, 1878)