China country information

Common names: Silver carp, 白鰱, 白鲢
Occurrence: native
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Nichols, J.T., 1943
Importance: highly commercial | Ref: FAO, 1994
Aquaculture: commercial | Ref: FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service, 1993
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: live export: yes;
Comments: Recorded from Erqishi, Ulungur, Bosten, Tarim, and Yili rivers (Ref. 41093), the Lake Khanka drainage area (Amur river basin) (Ref. 1739) and Tungting Lake where it is known as "p'ang-t'ou-yü" (Ref. 35840). Known from the Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Hebei, Liaoning, and eilongjiang provinces and from the cities of Shanghai and Tianjin City (Ref. 33786). Present in Pearl River (89718). A popular cultured fish, introduced from its native range to other regions in China (intensive culture and extensive stocking in all kinds of inland waters) (Ref. 55380) and has been reported to cause serious disruption (Ref. 45864). Also Ref. 9987, 13397, 31845, 43281, 55380.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Walker, K.F. and H.Z. Yang, 1999
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Carpe argentée, Carpa plateada, 鲢, ... more

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Cypriniformes (Carps) > Xenocyprididae (East Asian minnows)
Etymology: Hypophthalmichthys: Greek, hypo = under + Greek, ophthalmos = eye + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335); molitrix: molitrix, approximately grinder (referring to the pharyngeal grinding apparatus) (Ref. 10294).
More on author: Valenciennes.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

; 淡水; 半鹹淡水底中水層性; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 20 m (Ref. 6898). 6°C - 30°C (Ref. 37797); 63°N - 8°N, 73°E - 148°E (Ref. 120939)

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Asia: Native to most major Pacific dainages of East Asia from Amur to Xi Jiang, China (Ref. 59043) and Hanoi, Vietman (Ref. 120939). Introduced around the world for aquaculture and control of algal blooms. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction (Ref. 1739). Often confused with Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Ref. 59043).

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: L_m 51.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 86798); common length : 18.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 35840); 最大體重: 50.0 kg (Ref. 30578); 最大年齡: 20 年 (Ref. 121658)

簡短描述檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 7 - 10; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 11 - 17. Diagnosis: Body olivaceous to silvery. Barbels absent. Keels extend from isthmus to anus. Edge of last simple dorsal ray not serrated. Branched anal rays 12-13.5 (Ref. 13274). It differs from Hypophthalmichthys nobilis by having sharp scaleless keel from pectoral region to anal origin, 650-820 long, slender gill rakers, head length 24-29% of standard length, and plain pale coloration, greenish grey above, whitish below (Ref. 59043).

Found in their natural range in rivers with marked water-level fluctuations and overwinters in middle and lower stretches, swimming just beneath the surface. They feed in shallow (0.5-1.0 m deep) and warm (over 21°C) backwaters, lakes and flooded areas with slow current on phytoplankton and zooplankton (Ref. 30578, 10294). Bigger individuals from about 1.5 cm SL feed only on phytoplankton while larvae and small juveniles prey on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Adults breed in rivers or tributaries over shallow rapids with gravel or sand bottom, in upper water layer or even at surface during floods when the water level increases by 50-120 cm above normal level. Conditions for spawning include high current (0.5-1.7 m/s), turbid water, temperatures above 15°C (usually 18-26°C) and high oxygen concentrations (Ref. 59043). Spawning ceases if conditions change (especially sensitive to water-level fall) and resumes again when water level increases. Juveniles and adults form large schools during spawning season. Mature individuals undertake long distance upriver migration at start of a rapid flood and water-level increase, able to leap over obstacles up to 1 m. After spawning, adults migrate to foraging habitats, In autumn, adults move to deeper places in main course of river where they remain without feeding. Larvae drift downstream and settle in floodplain lakes, shallow shores and backwaters with little or no current (Ref. 59043). In aquaculture, it can survive brackish water (up to 7 ppt) when released into estuaries and coastal lakes (Ref. 59043). Escape from fish farms are widely known even as they are stocked in large rivers and almost all still water bodies like lakes and ponds. Utilized fresh for human consumption and also introduced to many countries where its ability to clean reservoirs and other waters of clogging algae is appreciated even more than its food value (Ref. 9987). One of among 3 or 4 species of cyprinids whose world production in aquaculture exceeds 1 million tons per year (Ref. 30578).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

Skelton, P.H., 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

近危 (NT) ; Date assessed: 20 January 2011

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

對人類具威脅

人類使用

漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性

FAO(Aquaculture systems: 產生, 魚種描繪; 漁業: 產生, 魚種描繪; publication : search) | FishSource | 周邊海洋

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Estimates based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00891 (0.00773 - 0.01028), b=3.10 (3.06 - 3.14), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

營養階層 (Ref. 69278): 2.1 ±0.08 se; based on food items.

回復力 (Ref. 120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.16-0.29; tm=2-6).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (55 of 100).

價格種類 (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)

Common names from other countries

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

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Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

簡短描述檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

生物學特性字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

CITES (Ref. 128078)

CMS (Ref. 116361)

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Estimates based on models

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)

Common names from other countries

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

簡短描述 檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

生物學特性 字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

CITES (Ref. 128078)

CMS (Ref. 116361)

對人類具威脅

人類使用

更多資訊

工具

特別的報告

下載 XML

網路資源

Estimates based on models

分布國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

簡短描述檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

生物學特性字彙 (例如 epibenthic)