Common names from other countries
分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 2 - 400 m (Ref. 4430), usually ? - 70 m (Ref. 27000). ; 48°N - 18°S, 19°W - 38°E (Ref. 114953)
Eastern Atlantic: southern Bay of Biscay and throughout the Mediterranean to Angola. Most common in tropical waters.
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 13417); 41.0 cm TL (female); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 13417); common length :39 cm TL (female)
Found on soft bottoms, usually inshore but occasionally deeper. Feeds on small fishes and also benthic invertebrates. Ovoviviparous, with 3-21 in a litter (Ref. 12951, Ref. 114953). Size at birth 9 cm (Ref. 12951). Capable of inflicting a severe shock of up to 200 volts.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Raies et autres batoides. p. 845-886. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identificationpour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Mèditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3261)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
人类利用
渔业: 没有兴趣; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
工具
特别资料
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网络资源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 13 - 20.9, mean 15.6 (based on 78 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01514 (0.01155 - 0.01983), b=2.95 (2.87 - 3.03), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.11).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (65 of 100).