| Key to Western Atlantic species of Epinephelus. |
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| Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. Ref No [5222] Key No. [1146] |