Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
; zoet water benthopelagisch; pH range: 7.0 - 7.5; dH range: 10 - ?; diepte 0 - 6 m (Ref. 1998). Subtropical; 10°C - 32°C (Ref. 12741); 46°N - 24°N, 125°W - 65°W (Ref. 89798)
North America: St. Lawrence - Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins from southern Quebec to Minnesota and south to Gulf; Atlantic and Gulf drainages from North Carolina to Florida and to northern Mexico. The species has been introduced widely as a game fish and is now cosmopolitan. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.
Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 97.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 86798); common length : 40.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 556); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 10.1 kg (Ref. 4699); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 23 Jaren (Ref. 46974)
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 10; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal) : 11 - 14; Anale stekels: 3; Anale zachte stralen: 10 - 12; Wervels: 30 - 32.
Inhabit lakes, ponds, swamps, and backwaters and pools of creeks, and small to large rivers (Ref. 86798). Usually found over mud or sand and common in impoundments (Ref. 5723). They prefer quiet, clear water and over-grown banks. Adults feed on fishes, crayfish and frogs; young feed on crustaceans, insects and small fishes. Sometimes cannibalistic. They don't feed during spawning; as well as when the water temperature is below 5°C and above 37°C (Ref. 30578). Builds nest at 25 mm-203 mm deep (Ref. 1998). An introduced species in Europe reported to avoid fast-flowing waters and to occur in estuaries with a salinity up to 13 ppt (Ref. 59043). Popular game fish in North America. Preyed upon by herons, bitterns, and kingfishers (Ref. 1998). Excellent food fish (Ref. 1998).
The male which becomes aggressive and territorial builds the nest on muddy bottoms of shallow water. A female may spawn with several males on different nests. The male guards and fans the eggs for about 29 days (Ref. 93240). Spawning takes place spring to summer or when temperature reaches 15°C. Adults mate between the age of 5-12 years (Ref. 11243). Also Ref, 88808).
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Gevaar voor de mens
Potential pest
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: van minder commercieel belang; Aquacultuur: commercieel; sportvis: ja; Aquarium: Publieke aquaria
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Internetbronnen
Estimates based on models
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01047 (0.00903 - 0.01214), b=3.08 (3.04 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.2 (4.6 - 6.1) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 41
growth studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 4,5-14 jaar (K=0.06-0.14; tm=3-5; tmax=16; Fec=2,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 37.3 [15.6, 73.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.919 [0.527, 1.527] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [17.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.481 [0.197, 1.182] g/100g; Selenium = 28.9 [11.5, 68.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 19.5 [6.5, 59.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.852 [0.603, 1.246] mg/100g (wet weight);
