Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển gần đáy; Mức độ sâu 10 - 100 m. Subtropical; 37°N - 10°N, 98°W - 73°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina to southern Florida in the USA and the entire Gulf of Mexico.
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 18 - ? cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 7251); common length : 30.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 3815)
Found mainly on sedimentary bottoms from 10 and 100 m depth.
Sex reversal, from female to male, occurs primarily at 18-25 cm FL (Ref. 5878).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.7 - 27.5, mean 24.8 °C (based on 216 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03311 (0.01927 - 0.05691), b=2.98 (2.83 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 4.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): thấp, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 4.5 - 14 năm (K=0.23; tmax=12; tm=1; Fec=>30,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 77.9 [35.3, 143.3] mg/100g; Iron = 1.12 [0.59, 2.40] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [18.1, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.316 [0.182, 0.541] g/100g; Selenium = 25.3 [11.3, 55.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.6 [3.3, 56.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.521 [0.325, 0.791] mg/100g (wet weight);