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Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)

European pilchard
إضافة ملاحظاتك Fish Watcher
Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Sardina pilchardus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
ارفع صور و مقاطع فيديو
Pictures | Videos | Stamps, coins, misc. | صور قوقل
Image of Sardina pilchardus (European pilchard)
Sardina pilchardus
Picture by De Sanctis, A.

التصنيف / Names الأسماء الشائعة | مرادفات | Catalog of Fishes(جنس, الانواع) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Alosidae (Shads and Sardines)
Etymology: Sardina: Latin and Greek, sarda = sardine; name related to the island of Sardinia (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Walbaum.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range البيئة

بحري; المياه العذبة; مياه مخلوطة; محيطية (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 10 - 100 m (Ref. 5286), usually 25 - 100 m (Ref. 54866). Subtropical; 68°N - 14°N, 32°W - 43°E (Ref. 54866)

التوزيع دول | مناطق الفاو | النظام البيئي | الظهور | Point map | مقدمة | Faunafri

Northeast Atlantic: Iceland (rare) and North Sea, southward to Bay de Gorée, Senegal. Mediterranean (common in the western part and in Adriatic Sea, rare in the eastern part), Sea of Marmara and Black Sea.

Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر

Maturity: Lm 14.8  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 27.5 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 74552); common length : 20.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 188); العمر: 15 سنين (Ref. 35388)

وصف مختصر مفاتيح التعريف | الوصف الخارجي | قياسات المظهر الخارجي

الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 13 - 21; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 12 - 23. Body sub-cylindrical, belly rather rounded (but more compressed in juveniles). Hind margin of gill opening smoothly rounded (without fleshy outgrowths) ; 3 to 5 distinct body striae radiating downward on lower part of operculum; lower gill rakers not becoming shorter at angle of first gill arch, the upper series not overlapping the lower. Last 2 anal fin rays enlarged.

أحياء     المصطلحات (على سبيل المثال epibenthic)

Littoral species (Ref. 6808). Form schools, usually at depths of 25 to 55 or even 100 m by day, rising to 10 to 35 m at night. Feed mainly on planktonic crustaceans, also on larger organisms. Spawn in batches (Ref. 51846), in the open sea or near the coast, producing 50,000-60,000 eggs with a mean diameter of 1.5 mm (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh, frozen or canned. Also utilized dried or salted and smoked; can be pan-fried, broiled and microwaved (Ref. 9988).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | التكاثر | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae

Breeds at 20 to 25 m, near the shore or as much as 100 km out to sea.

المرجع الرئيسي Upload your references | مراجع | المنظم | المتعاونين

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 20 May 2013

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

خطر للأنسان

  Harmless





استخدامات بشرية

مصائد: ذو قيمة تاجرية عالية

مزيد من المعلومات

Anatomy
Gill areas
دماغ
عظمة الأذن
Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
نوع السباحة
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
أصوات الأسماك
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)
Genetics
جيني
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities
Human related
Aquaculture systems
ملامح تربية الأحياء المائية
سلالات
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
References
مراجع

أدوات

تقارير خاصة

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مصادر علي الأنترنت

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 7.1 - 17.3, mean 10.3 °C (based on 553 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 1.0000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00676 (0.00589 - 0.00776), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref. 69278):  3.1   ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.0 (2.7 - 3.2) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 58 growth studies.
المرونه (Ref. 120179):  وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (K=0.23-0.5; tm=1-2; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.63, 95% CL = 0.41 - 0.94, Based on 26 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
فئة السعر (Ref. 80766):   Low.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 162 [75, 357] mg/100g; Iron = 2.61 [1.10, 5.76] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [18.6, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 1.07 [0.55, 2.10] g/100g; Selenium = 35.9 [18.2, 74.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.5 [4.5, 48.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.42 [1.02, 2.25] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.