Adults thrive in standing waters (Ref. 7248, 12501). Inhabits reservoirs, rivers, creeks, drains, swamps and tidal creeks; commonly over mud bottoms, often in well-vegetated areas (Ref. 44894). Also found in warm weedy pools of sluggish streams, canals, and ponds (Ref. 5723). Most common in blind estuaries and coastal lakes (Ref. 32693), but usually absent from permanently open estuaries and open sea (Ref. 6465) and from fast-flowing waters (Ref. 7248, 12501). Normally not found at high altitudes (Ref. 6465). Able to survive extreme reduction of temporary water bodies (Ref. 2, 27445). Highly euryhaline (Ref. 2, 3, 23, 58, 61, 6465, 12501, 12522, 12524, 13337, 27445, 55352). Grows and reproduces in fresh-, brackish and seawater (Ref. 2, 21, 23, 61, 5214, 27445, 36683, 54362). Can be reared under hyper-saline conditions (Ref. 4537, 44894, 52307). Tolerates low dissolved oxygen levels (Ref. 3, 23, 6465) and can utilise atmospheric oxygen when water oxygen levels drop (Ref. 61, 6465). Mainly diurnal. May form schools (Ref. 3, 4537, 44894). Omnivorous (Ref. 21, 12524), feeds mainly on algae and phytoplankton (Ref. 4537, 7248, 12501, 12522, 12524, 13337, 36683, 44894, 52307) but also takes some zooplankton, small insects and their larvae (Ref. 4537, 7248, 12524, 13337, 44894, 52307), shrimps (Ref. 12524, 13337), earthworms (Ref. 12501) and aquatic macrophytes (Ref. 6465). Juveniles carnivorous/omnivorous, adults tend to be herbivorous or detritus feeders (Ref. 2, 6465, 13517). Large individuals have been reported to prey on small fishes (Ref. 2, 6465, 12501, 12522), and occasionally cannibalise their own young (Ref. 2, 6465). Exhibits considerable plasticity in feeding habits (Ref. 6465, 13544) as well as in reproductive biology (Ref. 13544). Polygamous (Ref. 12524, 13337), maternal mouthbrooder (Ref. 1, 5214, 12524, 13337). Reaches sexual maturity at 15 centimeter length (Ref. 44894), but stunted fish may breed at 6-7 centimeters and at an age of just over 2 months (Ref. 52307). Fecundity high (Ref. 55352). Extended temperature range 8-42 °C, natural temperature range 17-35°C (Ref. 3), with salinity-dependent difference in temperature tolerance (Ref. 2, 23). Somewhat aggressive toward other species (Ref. 36683). Marketed fresh and frozen (Ref. 9987). Excellent palatability (Ref. 6465), with small head and large dress-out weight (Ref. 61), and filets without small bones (Ref. 57960). Used extensively in biological, physiological and behavioural research (Ref. 7248). Translocated and introduced for aquaculture, sport fishing, stocking man-made lakes and biological control of nuisance plants and animals (Ref. 6465). Eurytopic; a most successful and vagile invader (Ref. 6465).
為水產業,垂釣用魚轉移棲地而且引入, 供給人造的湖與討厭的東西植物與動物的生物學控制。 (參考文獻 6465) Eurytopic; 一最成功的與 vagile 侵略者.(參考文獻 6465) 常見於不流動的水域。 (參考文獻 7248,12501) 棲息於水庫,河,小溪,排水溝,沼澤與潮汐的小溪; 通常在泥底之上, 常見於植物生長良好的區域中.(參考文獻 44894) 也發現於緩動性溪流裡、水池、水渠和池塘的溫暖雜草叢生水池。 (參考文獻 5723) 常見於沒口河與沿岸湖泊 (參考文獻 32693), 但是通常永久開放的河口與開放海域 (參考文獻 6465) 沒有出現與從快速流動的水.(參考文獻 7248,12501) 通常不發現於高海拔.。 (參考文獻 6465) 能平安渡過暫時 waterbodies 的極端減少。 (參考文獻 2,27445) 高度地廣鹽性.(參考文獻 2,3,23,58,61,6465,12501,12522,12524,13337,27445,55352) 在淡水、半鹹淡水與海水中生長而且繁殖。 (參考文獻 2,21,23,61,5214,27445,36683,54362) 能在高鹽度的情況被後面。 (參考文獻 4537,44894,52307) 容忍低容氧量 (參考文獻 3,23,6465) 而且能利用水溶氧量降低的大氣的氧.(參考文獻 61,6465) 主要日行性。 可能形成魚群.(參考文獻 3,4537,44894) 雜食性 (參考文獻 21,12524), 吃主要吃藻類,而且浮游植物 (參考文獻 4537,7248,12501,12522,12524,13337,36683,44894,52307) 也捕食一些浮游動物,小的昆蟲與他們的幼體 (參考文獻 4537,7248,12524,13337,44894,52307) ,蝦 (參考文獻 12524,13337), 蚯蚓 (參考文獻 12501) 與水生的大型植物。 (參考文獻 6465) 稚魚是肉食性的/雜食性的, 成魚傾向食草的或碎屑捕食者.(參考文獻 2,6465,13517) 大的標本曾經報告捕食小魚 (參考文獻 2,6465,12501,12522), 而且偶然地食人他們自己的幼魚。 (參考文獻 2,6465) 在它的食性 (參考文獻 6465,13544) 中顯示相當多的可塑性以及在它的生殖生物學特性中.(參考文獻 13544) 一夫多妻的 (參考文獻 12524,13337) 又母親的口孵者.(參考文獻 1,5214,12524,13337) 在公分長度 15(參考文獻 44894) 達成性成熟,但是成長受.妨礙的魚可能在 6-7 公分繁殖而在一個只是超過 2個月的年齡.(參考文獻 52307) 高度地的孕卵數.(參考文獻 55352) 擴大的溫差 8-42 °C, 自然溫差 17-35 °C(參考文獻 3), 與鹽度-在容忍溫度中的依賴不同.(參考文獻 2,23) 略微侵略性對於其他的種.(參考文獻 36683) 在市場上銷售生鮮和冷凍.(參考文獻 9987) 優良的 palatability(參考文獻 6465),有小的頭部與大的服裝-出自重量 (參考文獻 61), 與沒有小骨頭的魚片.(參考文獻 57960) 廣泛地在生物學的﹐生理學的與行為的研究方面使用。 (參考文獻 7248)