Teleostei >
Carangaria/misc (Various families in series Carangaria) >
Polynemidae (Threadfins)
Etymology: Pentanemus: Greek, pente = five + Greek, nema = filament (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 10 - 70 m (Ref. 10799). ; 21°N - 18°S, 27°W - 14°E (Ref. 57343)
Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Angola (Ref. 57402). Also reported from Mauritania (Ref. 10799) and Cape Verde (Ref. 27000). Reported from Cuba based on a single specimen; no other specimens taken from the western Atlantic (Ref. 57343).
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 15.0 range ? - 17 cm
Max length : 35.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 57402); common length : 25.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3659)
背棘 (總數) : 9; 背的軟條 (總數) : 14 - 18; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 28 - 30. Diagnosis: detached pectoral filaments very long, exceeding body length; base of anal fin much longer than base of 2nd dorsal fin; body moderately elongate and compressed, its height comprised 3.0-3.4 in standard length; snout very short, blunt and prominent; mouth inferior; maxillary bone strongly widened at its end, reaching largely past eye; 2 widely separated dorsal fins, 1st with 8 flexible spines, 2nd with 1 spine and 14-18 soft rays; anal fin base much longer than 2nd dorsal fin base; pectoral fin inserted very low on body; threadlike filaments, 5 in number, 4 of them longer than total length of fish; scales ctenoid; head scaly (Ref. 57402).
Coloration: body uniformly silvery, greyish on back, shading to whitish ventrally; fins tinged with yellow (Ref. 57402).
Occurs over sandy (Ref. 2683) and muddy bottoms in shallow waters (Ref. 57343), frequently in brackish waters (Ref. 57343, 57402) and estuaries (Ref. 57402). Carnivorous (Ref. 57402), feeds on fish and shrimps (Ref. 28587).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Motomura, H., 2004. Threadfins of the world (Family Polynemidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of polynemid species known to date. FAO Spec. Cat. Fish. Purp. Rome: FAO. 3:117 p. (Ref. 57343)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20.2 - 27.9, mean 25.8 °C (based on 70 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00398 (0.00237 - 0.00669), b=3.13 (2.98 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.57 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.72).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 194 [95, 369] mg/100g; Iron = 1.34 [0.67, 2.39] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.0, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.274 [0.169, 0.428] g/100g; Selenium = 64.3 [33.4, 126.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.4 [5.1, 25.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.44 [1.00, 2.11] mg/100g (wet weight);
