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> Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Engraulidae (Anchovies) > Engraulinae
Etymology: Encrasicholina: Greek, egkrasicholos, -os, -on = mixed with spleen.
More on author: Fowler.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Οικολογία

Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο; εύρος βάθους 0 - 50 m (Ref. 189). Tropical; 25°N - 14°N, 165°W - 143°W (Ref. 189)

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Eastern Central Pacific: endemic to Hawaii, but its use as a baitfish may spread its range.

Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 7.5 cm SL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 189)

Short description Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία

Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 0; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 13 - 15. Most specimens without pre-pelvic scutes, but some with 1 to 5 thin needle-like scutes. Maxilla tip blunt, reaching to front border of pre-operculum, but scarcely projecting beyond second supra-maxilla. Isthmus short, preceded by a small fleshy plate on urohyal between branchial membranes. Anal fin short, its origin behind base of last dorsal fin ray.

Epipelagic (Ref. 58302). A schooling species living close inshore and entering bays, inlets, estuaries, canals and even penetrating into fish ponds, thus able to tolerate a wide range of salinities. Feeds mainly on planktonic crustacean larvae. Breeds throughout the year, with a peak in summer, spawning at night (between 2200 and 0200 hours) in bays and estuaries (Ref. 189).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες

Spawn in bays and estuaries in school (Ref. 205). Spawning is said to be continuous throughout the season (Ref. 32412, 40290).

Main reference Upload your references | Αναφορές | Συντονιστής | Συνεργάτες

Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 28 February 2017

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

αλιεία: περιορισμένης εμπορικότητας; δόλωμα: usually

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Διαδικτυακές πηγές

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 25 - 25.6, mean 25.3 °C (based on 32 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00977 (0.00544 - 0.01757), b=3.20 (3.04 - 3.36), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref. 69278): 3.1 ±0.30 se; based on food items.

Ελαστικότητα (Ref. 120179): Υψηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού < 15 μήνες (K=1.7).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Medium.

Encrasicholina purpurea (Fowler, 1900)