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Ophidiiformes (Cusk eels) >
Bythitidae (Livebearing brotulas)
Etymology: Grammonus: Greek, gramma = signal, mark + Greek, onos = hake; thielei: Named for Werner Thiele, who photographed and caught the holotype.
Eponymy: Werner Thiele (d: 1966) is an Austrian self-taught underwater photographer. He was the first person to photograph and capture this species. (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on authors: Nielsen & Cohen.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển Sống nổi và đáy; Mức độ sâu 2 - 25 m (Ref. 56143). Tropical; 21°C - 25°C (Ref. 56143)
Sự phân bố
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Western Pacific: Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 18.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 56143); 15.0 cm TL (female)
Short description
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Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 66; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 41. Diagnosis: Fin rays in dorsal 66; anal 41; pectoral 21. Vertebrae 11 + 27 (ural elements counted as 1). Head length 33% SL. One large lateral line pore (equal to posterior supraorbital pore) near angle of opercle. The caudal fin is free of the dorsal and anal fins (Ref. 56143).
Observed in limestone caves and sinkholes which are probably connected at depths between 2 and 30 meters; often in lightless chambers without current, few are found at the entrance of caves where they hide beneath rock ledges. No reaction to torchlight was shown and escape distance was only about 2 centimeters; mostly were seen motionless, with only a slight movement of the fins maintaining the fishes' position (Ref. 56143).
Life cycle and mating behavior
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Nielsen, J.G. and D.M. Cohen, 2004. Grammonus thielei (Ophidiiformes: Bythitidae) - a new bythitid cavefish from off Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Beagle 20:83-86. (Ref. 56143)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00447 (0.00172 - 0.01163), b=3.10 (2.87 - 3.33), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): Chiêù cao, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là dưới 15 tháng (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
