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Cephalopholis boenak (Bloch, 1790)

Chocolate hind
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Cephalopholis boenak   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Classification / Names Κοινά ονόματα | Συνώνυμα | Catalog of Fishes(Γένος, Είδη) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: Cephalopholis: Greek, kephale = head + Greek, pholis = scale (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Bloch.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Οικολογία

Θαλασσινό(ά) Υφαλόφιλο(α); μη μεταναστευτικό(ά); εύρος βάθους 1 - 64 m, usually 4 - 30 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical; 32°N - 32°S, 29°E - 171°E (Ref. 5222)

Κατανομή Χώρες | Περιοχές FAO | Οικοσυστήματα | Παρουσίες | Point map | Εισαγωγές | Faunafri

Indo-West Pacific: Kenya to southern Mozambique eastward to the western Pacific. Reported from the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819). Not reported from oceanic islands in the Indian Ocean, except for Aldabra, Comoros, Madagascar, and the Andaman and Lakshadweep islands. Unknown from the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and from the islands of Micronesia except for Palau. Record from Rodriguez by Heemstra & Randall (1984, Ref. 3153) could not be verified and is probably erroneous (Ref. 33390).

Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age

Maturity: Lm 12.2, range 8 - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 48635); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 11 έτη (Ref. 45317)

Short description Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία

Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 9; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 15 - 17; Εδρικές άκανθες: 3; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 8. Brownish to greenish grey with dusky vertical bands over the body. White margins and black sub-margins on the median fins (Ref. 48635). Preopercle rounded, very finely serrate; no enlarged spines at angle, lower edge fleshy; characterized further by having ctenoid scales on body including abdomen; greatest depth of body 2.6-3.1 in SL; rounded caudal fin; pelvic fins not usually reaching anus, 1.6-2.1 in head length (Ref. 90102).

Βιολογία     Γλωσσάρι (π.χ. epibenthic)

Mainly a coastal species (Ref. 48635). Inhabits silty dead reefs in protected waters. May also be seen on live coral (Ref. 089707). Secretive (Ref. 37816). Feeds mainly on fish (Ref. 30531) and crustaceans (Ref. 089707). Courtship and pair spawning were observed by Donaldson (1989, Ref. 6900). Diandric protogynous hermaphrodite (Ref. 45317).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες

Main reference Upload your references | Αναφορές | Συντονιστής | Συνεργάτες

Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 16 November 2016

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Harmless





Human uses

αλιεία: παραδοσιακή αλιεία; Ενυδρείο: Εμπορικό(ά)
FAO - αλιεία: landings; Publication: search | FishSource | Η θάλασσα γύρω μας

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Length-length rel.
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References
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές

AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Γένος, Είδη | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - αλιεία: landings; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genome, nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Εθνικές βάσεις δεδομένων | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Δημόσια ενυδρεία | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Δέντρο Ζωής | Wikipedia: Go, αναζήτηση | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 24.7 - 29.1, mean 28.1 °C (based on 1414 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01288 (0.01049 - 0.01582), b=3.04 (3.01 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref. 69278):  4.1   ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref. 120179):  Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (tm=1-2).
Prior r = 0.38, 95% CL = 0.25 - 0.57, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Very high.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 58.7 [34.2, 104.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.613 [0.351, 1.150] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [16.6, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.175 [0.110, 0.277] g/100g; Selenium = 35.1 [19.2, 60.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 169 [64, 524] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.846 [0.610, 1.373] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.