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Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Soleidae (Soles)
Etymology: Solea: Latin, solea = sandal (shoe); refered to the flat shape of the fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Kaup.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي نزديك كف زي; تغييرات عمق 12 - 100 m (Ref. 5304). Tropical; 47°N - 16°S, 19°W - 14°E
Eastern Atlantic: Mainly Central Atlantic (from France to Angola). Western Mediterranean: Herculean migrant (entered the Mediterranean via Gibraltar) (Ref. 43448).
Size / Weight / سن
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 5304); common length : 45.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 26999)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 0; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 72 - 95; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 0; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 60 - 75; مهره ها: 44 - 46. Last ray of dorsal and anal fins joined by a low membrane to the base of the caudal fin. Supratemporal branch of lateral line forming an arch. Anterior nostril on the blind side not enlarged, its diameter about half that of the eye; it is situated rather close to the front margin of head, the distance slightly greater than that separating the nostril from the mouth cleft, 1:1-1.4. Length of scales above nasal tube on ocular side much less than the length of the tube. Gill rakers like short knobs on first gill arch on ocular side. Pectoral fin on the ocular side with a black botch over the whole middle and distal part of the fin; blind side whitish (Ref. 32649).
Flatfish with oval and asymmetric body (eyes on the right side). Interradial membrane on the pectoral fin on the eye
side is of black colour(A). This feature distinguishes it from common sole (Solea soled), which has a big black compact spot on the posterior side of this fin. In the Atlantic, from the Gulf of Biscay to the coasts of Senegal. Less frequent in the Western Meditarranean.
A predominantly littoral species. Benthonic marine species living in sandy or muddy bottoms, off coastal areas up to
100 m depth and in brackish lakes.Feeds basically on benthonic invertebrate, such as larvae from polychaets and
bivalve molluscs. Also on small crustaceans.Sexual maturity is reached when size is 30 cm. Spawning happens beween the months of March until June. Maximum depth reported taken from Ref. 127989.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | تولید مثل | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | توزاد ( لارو)
Desoutter, M., 1990. Soleidae. p. 1037-1049. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 5304)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435)
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري; آبزي پروري: آزمايشي
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.6 - 21.6, mean 18.6 °C (based on 46 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00538 - 0.01227), b=3.05 (2.92 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 6.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
جهندگی (Ref.
120179): متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 125 [47, 316] mg/100g; Iron = 0.902 [0.386, 1.792] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [15.4, 19.2] %; Omega3 = 0.124 [0.066, 0.233] g/100g; Selenium = 29.6 [10.7, 97.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.9 [3.4, 40.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.654 [0.349, 1.413] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
